IoT & Embedded Systems Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to Electronics Engineering

Analog vs. Digital Systems: Characteristics, signal types, advantages/disadvantages, applications.
Core Concepts: Voltage, current, power, resistance, frequency, waveform analysis.
Applications: Role of electronics in robotics, automation, consumer electronics, and embedded computing.
Emerging Trends: Miniaturization, IoT integration, and system-on-chip (SoC) designs.

Module 2

Passive Components

Component Functions: Role of resistors, capacitors, and inductors in filtering, timing, impedance matching, and energy storage.
Symbols & Datasheets: Interpreting schematic symbols and technical specifications.
Colour Code Decoding: Calculation of resistance values using resistor colour codes.
Practical Implementation: Use in RC circuits, low-pass/high-pass filters, and L-C oscillators.

Module 3

Active Components

Semiconductor Devices: Operation of diodes (PN junction, Zener), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), and field-effect transistors (FETs).
ICs and Op-Amps: Basic architecture and use in analog/digital circuit design.
Functional Roles: Amplification, modulation, rectification, and logic switching.
Circuit Design: Construction of amplifiers, logic gates, and switching circuits.

Module 4

Voltage and Current Laws

Ohm’s Law: Quantitative relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Kirchhoff’s Laws:
- KVL: Voltage summation in closed loops.
- KCL: Current summation at nodes.
Circuit Analysis: Application to series, parallel, and complex resistor networks.
Power Calculation: Power dissipation and energy efficiency in components.

Module 5

Number System Basics

Binary, Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal: Conversion methods and applications.
Boolean Logic: Fundamentals of digital logic operations.
Two’s Complement: Signed number representation and arithmetic in binary.
Practical Use: Use in microcontroller programming and digital circuit design.

Module 6

Microprocessors & Microcontrollers

Architecture Overview: Control unit, ALU, registers, buses, and instruction sets.
Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers: Functional and application-based comparison.
Popular MCUs: 8051, AVR, PIC, ARM Cortex-M: instruction sets, timers, and communication modules.
Practical Applications: Real-time control, robotics, data acquisition systems.

Module 7

Memory Management Fundamentals

Types of Memory: Volatile (RAM, SRAM) vs non-volatile (ROM, EEPROM, Flash).
Memory Mapping: Address decoding, memory segmentation, and stack usage.
Role in Performance: Speed, access time, memory latency, and cache integration.
Optimization: Techniques to minimize memory footprint in embedded applications.

Module 8

Sensors and Actuators

Sensor Types:
- Analog: Temperature (LM35), LDR, IR sensor.
- Digital: Ultrasonic, PIR, gas sensors (MQ series).
Actuator Types: DC motors, stepper motors, servo motors, relays, buzzers.
Signal Conditioning: Amplification, filtering, and ADC interfacing.
Real-time Interfacing: Polling vs interrupt-based systems.

Module 9

Introduction to Embedded Systems

Architecture: Microcontroller core, peripherals (ADC, PWM, timers), and buses (I2C, SPI, UART).
Real-Time Systems: Deterministic behavior, task scheduling, watchdog timers.
Embedded vs General Computing: Performance, power consumption, form factor.
Applications: Consumer electronics, automotive systems, industrial control.

Module 10

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Architecture: Sensing layer, network layer, application layer.
Communication Protocols:
- WiFi (802.11), Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRa, MQTT, HTTP.
IoT Platforms: Blynk, ThingSpeak, Firebase for data logging and control.
Use Cases: Smart homes, industrial IoT (IIoT), environmental monitoring.

Module 11

Basic Embedded Coding

Language Basics: Variables, data types, conditionals, loops, functions.
Digital I/O: digitalWrite(), digitalRead(), pinMode().
Analog I/O: PWM with analogWrite(), analog sensors using analogRead().
Debugging & Serial Monitor: Using UART and Serial.print() for real-time feedback.

Module 12

Breadboard Circuit Connections

Breadboard Layout: Power rails, terminal strips, interconnections.
Basic Circuits: LED blinking, push-button input, buzzer control.
Power Supply Handling: External 5V/12V supply, voltage regulation.
Troubleshooting Techniques: Common connection errors and testing tools.

Module 13

Vero Board Circuit Connection

Vero Board Layout: Stripboard understanding and layout planning.
Component Placement: Minimizing space and cross-interference.
Track Cutting & Solder Bridges: Creating isolated pads and circuit traces.
Design Transfer: Migrating from breadboard to Vero board systematically.

Module 14

Soldering Techniques

Soldering Equipment: Iron types, flux usage, wire gauge selection.
Best Practices: Heat control, tip cleaning, joint inspection.
Safety Measures: Handling fumes, hot tools, eye protection.
Practical Exercises: Soldering through-hole components and header pins.

Module 15

Arduino (Installation and Board Guide)

Arduino IDE: Installation, board selection, library management.
Blink Program: Understanding loop and setup functions.
Digital/Analog Interfacing: Reading sensor data, driving outputs.
Serial Communication: UART-based debugging and data exchange.

Module 16

ESP32 (WiFi Module)

ESP32 Overview: Dual-core processor, GPIOs, ADC, PWM, WiFi, Bluetooth.
Installation on Arduino IDE: Board manager setup, USB driver installation.
WiFi Programming: Connecting to networks, local server creation.
Serial Monitoring: Debugging connectivity and data transfer in real-time.

Digital LED Blinker Using Microcontroller

Implements basic digital output control using GPIO pins of Arduino or any MCU.
Uses digitalWrite() and delay() functions for signal timing and blinking effect.
Demonstrates control logic and loop execution in embedded systems.
Used as an entry-level exercise to verify board setup and coding environment.

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